Carol Ann Duffy's poems: a complete guide

Earth Prayers weaves together poetic voices from across centuries, revealing a timeless dialogue between humanity and the natural world. From the pastoral reflections of John Clare to the fierce eco-consciousness of contemporary writers like Lucille Clifton and Kathleen Jamie, this collection highlights both the beauty of nature and the urgency of its defense. In Jorie Graham’s poignant plea, the earth itself speaks, while Stephanie Pruitt’s 'Mississippi Gardens' exposes the scars left by history. With themes of reverence, sorrow, and fierce advocacy, Earth Prayers reminds us of our place in the intricate weave of the natural world – and our responsibility to protect it before it’s too late.

'When it’s finished 
he shows me proudly, lights a cigarette. I say
Twelve francs and get my shawl. It does not look like me.'

So asserts the eponymous protagonist of this collection's title poem, refusing to be contained by the male artist's representation of her. And so we are introduced, in this, her first book of poems, to Duffy's startling, feminist voice, and her use of dramatic monologue. Lovers, wives and war photographers all appear here, their stories ranging from the delicately poignant to the fiercely political.

'One of those rare books that is immediately enjoyable yet will repay many re-readings.' Poetry Review

Duffy's second collection shows her really taking hold of her talent, with meditations on death and art, poems of protest and poems of love. There's a resounding determination to give voices to those who are usually voiceless, alongside her inimitable wit, wisdom and imagination.

'The other country, is it anticipated or half-remembered?'

Prepare to re-examine everything you thought you knew about our most human drives and desires, as the lines between reality and fiction, and confession and delusion, are blurred by a choir of disarmingly direct poetic voices. Originally published in 1990, The Other Country features British exam favourite 'In Mrs Tilscher’s Class'. 

How many teenagers decided onions were the most romantic things they could think of (and then perhaps had second thoughts after further analysis), thanks to Mean Time? 'Valentine', from this double-award-winning 1993 collection, is another of Duffy's poems to feature on UK exam syllabuses and probably forms many readers' first encounter with her work. A crowd of childhood, adolescent and adult vignettes with a dark, subversive heart, this is a collection that will, like the onion's scent, cling to your fingers, cling to your knife.

Retelling stories from women’s perspectives may feel like a recent phenomenon, but Duffy was doing it, with wit, imagination and a cold sliver of steel, back in the late nineties. From Little Red Riding Hood to Mrs Freud via Circe and Queen Kong, each poem focuses on the female counterparts of well known male figures – both real and fictional. They are a playful, often hilarious (Icarus's wife should be given a stand-up slot or at least access to Twitter for some acerbic one-liners) challenge to the patriarchal structures and language alluded to in the collection's title.

‘Part of Duffy’s talent [. . .] is her ventriloquism . . . From verbal nuances to mind-expanding imaginative leaps, her words seem freshly plucked from the minds of non-poets – that is, she makes it look easy.’ Charlotte Mendelson, Observer

In Feminine Gospels, this ventriloquism takes centre stage, as Duffy draws on historical, archetypal, biblical and fantastical figures to create visions and revisions of female identity. Women transform on the page – a shopaholic becomes a shop, a notoriously beautiful woman turns into another, and another, each defined only by their effect on men – stripped naked and yet constantly disguising themselves. A feminist classic.

Duffy's poetry is incredibly easy to read, in the best possible way, and Rapture is often considered her most accessible collection –  a good place to start if you're new to her work. It is, in short, a book of beautiful love poems, full of the burn, ache and dance that comes with that emotion.

'I read it on the tube, and missed my station. I read it in bed, and couldn't sleep. I read it at my desk, and started to cry,' writes Elaine Feinstein in a Guardian review. 'Affairs are notoriously disruptive [. . .] Reading about an affair is not supposed to have the same effect. But it does in the case of Carol Ann Duffy's Rapture.'

The Bees is Carol Ann Duffy’s first book of poems as Poet Laureate. Unlike many of her collections, the poems here are not linked by theme – there are drinking songs, love poems, political poems, elegies. Having said this, whether via a low buzz or a sharp sting, bees are present throughout, representing and reminding us of what is most precious and necessary for us to protect.

Fittingly for her final work as Poet Laureate, this collection is at once intimate and public, casting its eye inwards and also unpicking the politics of the day and taking stock of a world in turmoil in some of Duffy's most radical writing to date. A rallying cry builds steadily through the book culminating in a moving closing ode to the virtue of sincerity.

In Three Wise Men, Carol Ann Duffy invites readers into a magical winter's night, where a traveller, seeking refuge from a snowstorm, finds warmth in an ancient hall – and in the timeless stories of three mysterious figures. As the traveller listens, each tale unfolds into a rich parable of longing, life’s transience, and the search for meaning. Enhanced by stunning illustrations, Three Wise Men is a beautifully crafted ode to the season, where truth and fable intertwine. 

For the decade she was Poet Laureate, Duffy published an illustrated Christmas poem every year and this tradition has continued beyond that tenure. 2023's festive offering is illustrated by Margaux Carpentier. In Christmas Eve at The Moon Under Water all the old rivalries of the natural world are suspended for one miraculous night, as man stands shoulder to shoulder with animal, and predator and prey add warble and wail to the Yuletide chorus.

Christmas Poems brings Duffy's annual poems altogether in one collection for the first time alongside beautiful artwork from Rob Ryan, David De Las Heras and Lara Hawthorne, and others. 

This anthology explores fathers', mothers' and children's feelings about leaving home, and takes its title from one of Duffy's contributions, in which a house “pines” when her daughter is away. Covering aging, love, grief and estrangement, it brings together modern and classic poems from Shakespeare to Simon Armitage via Imtiaz Dharker and Duffy's own daughter, Ella. A perfect read for those suddenly facing a house that’s much cleaner but also much quieter than it was.

Whilst we should all still heed the advice to shun the frumious Bandersnatch, this collection of brilliant classic and modern verse (including 'Jabberwocky') will ensure children never shun poetry. Alongside Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem you'll find Edwin Morgan's 'The Loch Ness Monster's Song', 'Balloons' by Sylvia Plath, plus ninety-eight other fantastic poems sure to inspire a new generation of poetry enthusiasts.